How a Guitar Works Essay Example for Free

How a Guitar Works Essay A guitar can be defined as a musical instrument having â€Å"a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides† (Kasha, 1968) and believed to exist over 4000 years ago. The instrument was believed to be derived from the Greek instrument kithara, â€Å"a square-framed lap harp or lyre† (Guy, 2001). Today the guitar comes in many different forms but still follows the same dynamics to create beautiful melody. Music classifies a guitar as a chordophone or a string instrument. Physics describe a chordophone is any â€Å"instrument whose standing wave constraint is that at each end of the medium there must be a node† (Lapp, p. 61). A guitar has four essential components namely its hollow body, its neck, the head and its six strings. The body is the enclosed part of the guitar composed of the soundboard, a flat wooden piece that comprises the front of the body, supported by the wooden ribs and braces connected to the back board of the guitar to form the body cavity where air vibrates. The soundboard is etched with the sound hole, the hole where which the sound from the vibration travels out into the air. The bridge, which is mounted on the lower part of the soundboard, anchors each of the one ends of the six strings of the guitar. A thin piece is attached to the bridge, which is called the saddle, on which the strings rest. The guitar neck is made up of the fingerboard, the face of the neck where the fingers of the player are placed while pressing on a string. Frets, pieces the separate the fingerboard at definite intervals, are also part of the neck of the guitar. The end of the neck is made up of the nut, on which the other end of the strings rest, functioning similarly as the saddle. The head of the neck are where the ends of the string are affixed. The strings are tied onto a string post which can be freely rotated through worm gears. The tuning knobs provide for the control of the movement of the worm gears. Turning these knobs, enables the player to increase or decrease tension in the strings. The strings are the one who provides the tone that the guitar plays. Guitars have strings with different thickness for steel string guitars or densities for nylon string guitars, having its thickness or density increase gradually from top to bottom. The vibration of the strings determines the sound that the guitar plays. The vibrating strings alone are hardly audible. In order for the sound produced to be recognizable, the structure of the guitar is made as such in order to transfer the string vibrations to the plate of the soundboard through the bridge and saddle. The body then vibrates in all directions; however the ribs inside the body cavity keep the plate flat, despite these disturbances. Amplification, in the strictest definition of the word, is never the function of the guitar body. The small volume of sound produced due to string vibration is mostly due to the inefficient conversion of the energy from the plucking of the string into sound energy. The guitar body provides an efficient medium for this energy conversion due to its large surface area. The simple schematic below, cited as Fig. 1, demonstrates the transfer of energy as a guitar string is plucked. Figure 2. Energy Transfer in the Guitar Physics in Guitars Sound is any fluctuation is pressure resulting from the displacement of matter. However, what men recognize as being heard are tones, which are sounds that are repeated at a specific frequency. Humans can only recognize tones with frequencies between 20Hz and 20kHz. Musical notes, however, are collection of tones with specific frequencies that were found pleasing to one’s senses. The basic notes of the musical scale and their specific frequencies are as follows: 264Hz is middle C or middle do; 297Hz is D or re; 330Hz is E or mi; 352Hz is F or fa; 396Hz is G or so; 440Hz is A or la; 495Hz is B or ti; and 528Hz is the higher C or higher do. The masterful combination of these basic set of frequencies by musical composers enabled the conception of melodic harmony and symphony. The vibration of the strings of the guitar can be characterized as standing waves. The standing wave condition needs that the ends be terminated by a fixed node. The frequency of the vibration is determined by the length of the string and the tension experienced by the string. Therefore, in order to produce the different musical notes, the different frequencies of vibration should be achieved by the strings. The first mode of vibration or the fundamental harmonic of the string can be illustrated by the Fig. 2, where L is the length of the string and ? represents the wavelength, the length of one cycle of vibration, an upward movement and its corresponding downward movement along the string. Figure 2. Fundamental Harmonic of String (Lapp, p. 62) ? can be found to be twice of the string length, L. Since frequency is the ratio of the speed of vibration and the wavelength and the tension of the string is the product of the mass density or mass per unit length of the string and the speed of vibration, an expression of the frequency of vibration, expressed as f, in terms of the string tension, expressed as T, mass density of the string, expressed as ? , and L can be derived, thus the expression: These factors determine the frequency of the vibration, thus the tone that is played. An increase in ? and L decreases f, which results in a lower pitch. On the other hand, an increase in T, increases f, resulting in a higher pitch. The guitar provides control for all these factors. The difference in the density of the strings from top to bottom provides control for ?. The tuning knobs manage T while L is controlled by the player by pressing on the string against the fret. However, as the guitar string is struck, it does not vibrate solely on its fundamental frequency. Instead overtones are formed, which are harmonics with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which can be demonstrated by Fig. 3. These overtones provide the richness of sound, which seem to reverberate in one’s ears, instead of a flat sound of a tone with only a single harmonic. Figure 3. (from top to bottom) 1st, 2nd, and 3rd overtones (Hokin, 2001) â€Å"The guitar can be considered to be a system of coupled vibrators† (Fletcher Rossing, 1998, p. 240). Along with the vibration of the string as it is plucked, all other parts of the guitar vibrates, and with it energy is transferred through them as demonstrated in Fig. 1. A significant part of the production of tones of a guitar is the vibration of the body along with air inside its cavity. The movements and modes of vibration of the guitar body and the air inside it, in response to the string being plucked, are referred to as internal resonances, which provides for the increase in volume of the tone produced similar to hitting a snare. The frequency of thses internal resonances of the guitar body are determined by the volume of air that the body encloses and the size of the sound hole, one of which that has lowest frequency is termed as Helmholtz resonance. These modes of the vibration can be observed through the use of lasers in holographic interferograms, as exemplified by Fig. 4, wherein the vibrations are manifested as ripples in the guitar body. Figure 4. Guitar Body Resonances (Fletcher Rossing, 1998, p. 246) However, these resonances can affect the quality of the tone produced when its frequency is close to harmonics that the plucked string produces. Certain harmonics are attenuated further than usual resulting in higher or lower pitches. The appropriate placement of the ribs and braces inside the guitar body, aside from supporting the soundboard, keep these resonances at a minimum. The ribs and braces of the guitar are illustrated below. Figure 5. Bracings of a Guitar (Billington, 1999) The masterful combination of the components of a guitar through its development has enabled it to be a source of beautiful melody throughout generations. The guitar is concrete evidence how man can create harmony from chaos. References Flectcher, N. H. Rossing, T. D. (1998). The Physics of Musical Instruments. 2nd ed. New York. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. Billington, I. (1999). The Physics of the Acoustic Guitar. Retrieved from http://ffden-2. phys. uaf. edu/211. web. stuff/billington/main. htm. University of New South Wales. Guitar Acoustics. Retrieved from http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/music/guitar/. Hokin, S. (2002). The Physics of Everyday Stuff. Retrieved from http://www. bsharp. org/ physics/ stuff/guitar. html. Lapp, D. R. The Physics of Music and Musical Instruments. Retrieved from http://www. tufts. edu/as/wright_center/workshops/workshop_archives/physics_2003_wkshp/ book/pom_book_acrobat_7. pdf. Brain, M. How Acoustic Guitars Work. Retrieved from http://entertainment. howstuffworks. com/guitar. htm. Guy, P. (2001). A Brief History of the Guitar. Retrieved from http://www. guyguitars. com/eng/ handbook/BriefHistory. html Parkkali, R. (2006). A Well Compensated Guitar. Retrieved from http://www. newmillguitar. com/ millen2. htm

Unethical And Immoral Behaviors In Chinas Modern Market Economy Business Essay

Unethical And Immoral Behaviors In Chinas Modern Market Economy Business Essay With China stepping in the transform from traditional planned economy to modern market economy, a lot of unethical and immoral behaviors exist in its economic area during the process of economic system conversion and social transformation. It may cause by immature education level and economics growth too quickly. Sanlu Milk Incident, which has attracted great attention from all Chinese people, especially that from the Party Central Committee, is attributed to many aspects. Although it may be a serious incident of Chinese enterprise toward global market, but it may wake up the attention of Chinese government and management toward ethical business on the responsibility on customer. description on the milk scandal The toxic milk scandal became public in August 2008 with the disclosure that the baby formula produced by Sanlu was contaminated with melamine, which caused kidney failure among the babies who consumed it. However, until the Chinese Health Ministry confirmed on Sep 12, 2008, that the milk powder produced by Sanlu was contaminated by melamine, neither the government nor the company took any actions to warn the public. Later, government inspections reported that the products of 21 other dairy firms were also contaminated with melamine. Even as the milk scandal unfolded, many countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Australia, and Indonesia rushed to ban Chinese dairy products. Foreign companies which sold China made products or products which used Chinese ingredients had to recall their products. overview of food industry business ethics Significance of business ethics Nowadays, the issue of business ethics comes to peoples mind more frequently especially in the food industry since food are the essential items for human and it will affect our health directly. In 2004, the use of hair in the production of soya sauce was exposed and made headlines in the press. Moreover, there is many more news about China how they use very cheap material like industrial acid and oil to mix into their food products in order to minimize the introduction costs. As a developing country, business in China is developing very rapidly. It is now playing a more decisive role in social life and almost all people would be involved in business activities. As a result, unethical business behavior would have negative influence towards society. Hence, society is now more concerned with the issue of business ethics. Since the Chinese foods are now exported all over the world, ethical practice of Chinese enterprise issues are the key factors to be success. General perception on business ethics in food industry There is much news recently that related to food safety in world wide. Therefore, consumers have three types of ethical concerns toward food industry. Methods of Production and Distribution The production of food raises a number of issues that need to be considered. The packaged food industry essentially consists of manufacturing using farm produce. Clearly hygiene, quality control, health and safety considerations are of great importance. The following are among the issues that should be considered as per my knowledge: 1. Animal welfare in the meat products industry. 2. Use of child or bonded labour, or employment of illegal immigrants. 3. The International Labor Organization (ILO) standards provide useful benchmarks in this area. 4. Improper use of the pesticides, antibiotics, and other chemicals. 5. Misuse of water resources and the consequent impact on local farmers 6. Good quality control of the food supply 7. Ensure the material supply and healthy to human 8. Use environmental friendly packaging as much as possible for the packaging 9. Inform the actual gradients of the food contented 10. Inform the public immediately once unhealthy food was produced and distribute to market According to our observation toward Chinese business, their objective of the business is only generating profits as much as possible. The ethical senses are not significance within the society. Reason behinds the widespread sufferings of the infants According to the case content, there is several factors lead to this hazard. On Sanlu In fact, Sanlu acknowledged the problem far beyond the serious ha affects hazard explored in 2008. From the case content, there were several customer complained the problem to Sanlu about the ill effect of taking the milk by infants. However, Sanlu chose not to launch this news to alarm general public due to they do not wanted to affect its sales and image. In addition, they were not willing to import the sophisticated milk test machine from overseas. On Government First, we believed that Chinese government has too much confidence on the self governance by the enterprise especially on Sanlu these big companies. One of the regulations implemented was the inspection-free policy. A company would not be required to undergo inspection for a period of 3 years if it can meet the following three requirements: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Product with stable quality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High market share à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ passed the inspection for more than 3 consecutive times However, past performance did not reflect that there will be not problems in future. Since, the demand of Chinese milk increased significantly and the milk supply source has been polluted, the problem got serious in 2008. If Chinese government inspected the quality of Sanlu continuously, the situation will be under controlled. Moreover, the respond of the milk incident was too slow to control the situation. The Shijiazhang government and the Communist Party of China did not report about the said issue to the provincial and state level authorities till 9 Sep, 2008. At that time, about 53000 infants were already affected. On the steadily growth market and growth strategy of Sanlu Since there is high demand in milk industry and there is not strict control over the milk supply, more and more farmer and agent joined the supply market for making money. The situation got worse after the Mengniu and Yili enter into the Hebei market because the supply of milk was tight in this fast growth market. Since the milk demand from Sanlu and other company increased steadily, the market collection station cannot get enough milk for production. Since it is a profitable market to sell milk to these producers, many middlemen aroused and sell the milk to Sanlu directly. They were not ethical enough since they had diluted the milk to increase the supply volume for more profit and they added this melamine into the milk which was harmful to infants. Since not quality inspection from milk station, this toxic milk was finally gone into the market and lead to the milk scandal finally. Sanlu also needed to responsible on this issue since its growth strategy in market share made they ign ore the quality control by milk station and make this incident. Finally, the covered error of the milk scandal did not made the problem dismissed. Reversely, it generated a serious problem not only about the image destroyed of Sanlu its own but also the image of Chinese milk products, hundred thousand of farmer made not income and needed to kill all of their cows as well as thousands of infant were suffered from Kidney stone. If proper action has been done, the situation will be better. Sanlu and Government actions toward the milk scandal On September 17, 2008, the Chinese Health Minister, announced that melamine contaminated milk had led to more than 6,200 children falling ill in the country and over 150 children suffered acute kidney failure. Six days later it was announced that four children had died and the number of children falling ill had increased to 54,000. On Sanlus production and management actions On September 12, 2008, the Hebei provincial government ordered Sanlu to stop production after preliminary investigation confirmed that melamine contaminated baby formula was the reason for kidney stones among children. The company was also ordered to stop sales of all brands of its baby formula, recall its products, and destroy all the products that were unsold and recalled. Also Sanlu set up a fund of 800,000,000 yuan, which 700,000,000 yuan was estimated to be the compensation amount that the compensation amount that the company needed to pay to its customer such as refund, hospital expenses and compensation on sick or death of the infants. On September 15, 2008, Sanlu had issued a public apology of its role in the milk scandal. Zhang Zhenling (Zhenling), Vice President of Sanlu, read out a letter of apology at a news conference in Shijiazhuang, The serious safety accident of the Sanlu formula milk powder for infants has caused severe harm to many sickened babies and their families. We feel really sad about this. Sanlu Group expresses its most sincere apology to you. We solemnly declare we will recall all the infant milk powder produced prior to August 6. And for those produced after that date, we will also make a recall if consumers have doubts and worries.15 Later, Sanlu also sacked Wenhua. On Government actions The Health Ministry informed the World Health Organization, Hong Kong, and Macaus health departments, the New Zealand Embassy in China, and the press about the melamine contamination in baby formula. The Ministry also announced that a free medical checkup would be given to affected children. It sent medical specialists to hospitals across China to help treat the affected children. Started from September 2008, the Chinese government started a nationwide inspection of baby milk powder. It announced that liquid milk products including packaged milk and yoghurt would be checked for melamine contamination. On September 16, 2008, GAQSIQ announced an inspection of all Chinese baby milk powder makers and found traces of melamine in 69 batches of baby formula produced by 22 companies including brands like Mengniu,12 Yili,13 and Bright Dairy.14 After the inspection, these dairy firms were ordered to stop new production and sale of dairy products. As the milk scandal escalated, steps were also taken against some government officials. While some of them were sacked, some of them resigned owning moral responsibility. On September 17, 2008, Ji Chuntang, Vice-Secretary of the Shijiazhuang Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Mayor of Shijiazhuang, was removed from his job. Earlier, four officials including the Vice Mayor in charge of agricultural production, the Director of Shijiazhuang Municipal Animal Husbandry and Fishery Bureau, the Director of Shijiazhuang Municipal Food and Drug Administration, and the Director of Shijiazhuang Municipal Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision were dismissed. On September 22, 2008, Li Changjiang, the Director of GAQSIQ, resigned. On September 26, 2008, four executives of Sanlu including Wenhua were arrested for producing and selling sub-standard products. Milk dealers and suppliers were also arrested for selling contaminated milk to dairy companies. Jiabao, the then Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China, said, The government will put more efforts into food security, taking the incident as a warning. What we are trying to do is to ensure no such event happens in future, by punishing those responsible leaders as well as enterprises. None of those companies lacking professional ethics or social morals will be let off.16 In an effort to restore confidence among domestic and international consumers, the Chinese government introduced a new set of quality control standards which included strict limits for melamine in dairy products. In the case of infant formula, the limit was set at one milligram of melamine per kilogram and the limit for liquid milk at 2.5 milligrams per kilogram. On October 09, 2008, in an effort to stimulate the dairy industry of China, the Chinese government announced an emergency rescue plan for the affected dairy farmers. The government planned to give 300 million Yuan in subsidy. In addition, the interest rate for loans granted to dairy producers to buy raw milk was also reduced by 3 percent for the period between October and December in 2008. Some local governments in China had also promised to give a subsidy to the dairy farmers. For example, the Hebei province had allocated 316 million Yuan (US$46.4 million) as subsidies to dairy farmers. The dairy companies in China had to recall several thousand tons of melamine contaminated milk products. Sanlu was ordered to recall its products immediately after the Hebei provincial government found melamine contamination in its baby formula. After GAQSIQ had found melamine contamination in the products of 22 Chinese dairy companies, they were also asked to recall their products. On October 15, 2008, GAQSIQ ordered recall of all dairy products made before September 14, 2008. According to a notice issued by the agency, All supermarkets, shops, and all city, town, and village-level vendors will urgently remove and seal up all milk powder and liquid milk made before September, pending further testing. On December 27, 2008, it was announced by the Chinas Dairy Industry Association that the affected children and their families would get compensation from the 22 companies found guilty of producing and selling contaminated milk powder. According to the statement issued by the Association, The enterprises offered to shoulder the compensation liability. By doing so, they hope to earn understanding and forgiveness of the families of the sickened children. The money for compensation is in place now and will soon be handed to the people who have custody of the sickened children through various channels. If the babies suffer from relative after-effects, all medical fees will be covered by the fund. In a letter sent to the victims and their families by these 22 companies, the compensation amount was specifically mentioned for sick children, for those who were suffering from kidney failure, and for families whose kids had died because of the tainted milk powder. It was also mentioned in the l etter that dairy producers would set up a fund to pay the medical costs of the children who were ill, until they reached the age of 18. On January 22, 2009, two people were sentenced to death for their involvement in the Chinese milk scandal. Wenhua was given a life imprisonment and three other executives were given imprisonment from five to fifteen years In my personal opinion, the government failed to supervise product quality responsible. The effectiveness of the regulatory environment in China is slow in disclosure the hazard as well as makes prompt action to stop it. According to some research in the internet, there were many government departments to monitor food safety in China. As there was no single agency to look after all product safety regulations and enforcement in the country and there was no clear hierarchy of agencies, the duties of different departments often overlapped. Recommendations to Sanlu to recover its goodwill as well as Chinese milk industry toward global Investors who had already invested in the Chinese dairy industry were worried about regaining consumers confidence. In this respect it means consumers are now thinking twice before purchasing such products, so the key challenge now is to regain the consumers trust. As you can recall the case from Hong Kong, Vitasoy milk and Lemon tea also suffer from big hazard of the pollution in production line and made the milk turns sour in around ten years old. We believed as a well known organization with market leadership role, they can recover their goodwill step by step like Vita Corporation in order to gain the customer confidence again as below. However, the situation in Hong Kong is much easier to turnover since the government and the legislation control is much strict and clear to follow. If Sanlu would like to gain back the image, both Sanlu and Government needed to do something to ensure the quality of their products is healthy and safe to customer usage. We believe that ethical business environment is the key issue to recover the confidence from general public on the Chinese milk production On Government Regulations To avoid similar incident happen again, implementing of new issues and regulations are necessary. For example, AQSIQ should have regular and sudden inspection on the quality of products. The food industry inspection should be in random and strictly follow the international standard norm. Laws and ethics Nonetheless, only depends on laws, it is not sufficient to ensure the problem would not exist in future. It is more difficult to depend on enterprise to follow the law in PRC such the corruption and education level is not high. There are many acts that are legal but unethical. And there are also many people use money to change illegal to legal by cover the problem or override the checking from government. As in the milk scandal, the use of small amount of melamine was legal because it is not harmful to adult; there was no regulation on it. It is clear that laws cannot fully control human behavior; as law is only norm to control people behave. However, for business ethics, the standard is much higher than that of laws. It is because as a highly ethical company, their goals are not only profit but also care of the public as well as their customer. Ethics is not concerned only with peoples behavior. It is a standard for our core values. As an individual or a company, in addition to bein g legal, being ethical is the key which shows that their values are of higher standard rather than meeting the minimum requirement only. As a ethical corporation, Sanlu should use the concept that customers babies are their babies, they will not give some harmful materials or potential harmful ingredient towards their own babies. They should care the health of all babies although add melamine and dilute milk can be acceptable to increase production. Education on general public Peoples behavior is actually influenced by norm, attitude and values from the society and most likely are from their own family. Changes in norm, attitude and values are very important for improving business ethics. We believed that it is the value of Chinese enterprise was too famous on profit and do not know clearly what ethical standard they needed. Hence, on top of implementation of measures and regulations, education on both top management and employees would be the most fundamental way to do so. For example, government can improve more foreign consultant and special to teach ethic and made speech in university to raise the concern of general public and know they can do it profitability like coca cola, nestle as well as PG etc. On Sanlu itself Ethic knowledge training Unethical issues cannot be done by only one level. If the ethical standards are enough in the company, they will carry out a mutual inspection on other actions toward ethic enterprise. For example, before employees go to their working positions, the company should provide ethics training, covering ethical issues and addressing the rules, compliance requirement and the corporate values to their employees. Let employees realize the importance of business ethics for the company as well as their own. During training, discussions on cases of ethical dilemma and analysis with employees are valuable in developing employees awareness of business ethics and ethical competency. Furthermore, the company should communicate information about the reporting mechanisms with all employees. When there is any unethical behavior, employees can report to the company immediately. This would be the most efficient way to discover any problems and take prompt actions to solve them. Quality control process and crisis management Since Sanlus image was totally damaged in this incident, we recommend that Sanlu can import the modern of art testing machine for strict quality control and the production chain should be more transparent toward general public. They can set up a additional inspection team which contains outsiders from other milk industrys expert and also foreign country representative to investigate the production channel, sourcing as well as the healthy and safety level on its our products. Therefore, the general public may slowly regain its confidence on Sanlus milk products. Also, the management team should have a knowledge sharing about the investors New Zealand industry on how they manufacture the milk and ensure the required process and ethical norm can be implemented in Sanlu to regain the image from global market. Once the incident happened again, Sanlu should know how to reduce the negative effect toward customer like stop production immediately, message general public timely and recall all affected products from retailer and dealers in order to show their sophisticated experience in crisis management. Like Vita group, we believe that the market will accept their products again. In conclusion, we believe that the critical factor on this incident and regain image of Sanlu in the case is all about ethics. We believed that the technology and expertise in China are enough to produce healthy and safety products. However, their action has been affected by the norm to earn as much money as possible in short period of time by legal but no ethical actions. In order to reduce the negative image toward Chinese product such as foods, drinks, electronic and toy. Chinese government should pay more effort on improve the ethical standard by education and control of the government officials. If they cannot to do so, the short-term goal of Chinese enterprise toward profits without concern on general public would affect the development of the economy of whole Chinese market.

Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Essay -- English Literature

Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Since the threat of war in some part of the world everyday and because of the colossal impact that it has had on our lives, it doesn't seem surprising that it is a popular theme of poetry. Sonnets are an extremely passionate form of poetry, used to show how the poet feels in their heart; both Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen create this passion in excellent, but very different ways. "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen is a Shakespearean sonnet reflecting on the callous life at war. Owen wrote this poem during his four months at Craiglockhart, a war hospital, whilst recovering from trench fever. Faced with many fatally injured men, this must have inspired him to write a great deal. Unlike Brooke's poem "The Soldier", Owen portrays, not a glorified or heroic war, but a realistic war. Rupert Brooke, having not witnessed war, had attitudes showing the hysteria of war in 1914 projected to him, and knowing no different he had to believe it. The title "Anthem for Doomed Youth" has a huge sense of deliberate irony, stressing how brainless war appears to Owen. To Brooke on the other hand, war is far from pointless; it is something one does to receive admiration from their nation. Our first thought of an "Anthem" is a song of pride, love, passion and honor, but when such a word is followed by "doom", it takes away the glee and puts a feeling of misery, implying an inevitable death, in replacement. "Youth" also used in the title adds to the horror, as these are men with their whole lives in front of them. Full of solemn comparisons, it is a poem about the traditional funeral being substituted by the one that war has created. Owen writes" What passing-bells for these who die a... ...cally, ahead of his time, that war is not, by any means, right. However there is genuine optimism in Brooke's poem, to him, it was an honour to fight for his country; it was an honour to die for your country. Out of both of these sonnets my favorite has to be "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen. I like the way that he includes the reader in the sonnet from the very start. I also can relate to Owen's poem and I find it more thought provoking as I can't even begin to be in agreement to Brooke's reasoning behind "The Soldier", but this does shows me the attitude cultivated from the home front. With both of these sonnets, being so different, it brings me to a thorough understanding of both backgrounds and attitudes. The contrast between Owen and Brooke allows the reader to see the reality of the First World War from two totally different perspectives. Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Essay -- English Literature Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Since the threat of war in some part of the world everyday and because of the colossal impact that it has had on our lives, it doesn't seem surprising that it is a popular theme of poetry. Sonnets are an extremely passionate form of poetry, used to show how the poet feels in their heart; both Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen create this passion in excellent, but very different ways. "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen is a Shakespearean sonnet reflecting on the callous life at war. Owen wrote this poem during his four months at Craiglockhart, a war hospital, whilst recovering from trench fever. Faced with many fatally injured men, this must have inspired him to write a great deal. Unlike Brooke's poem "The Soldier", Owen portrays, not a glorified or heroic war, but a realistic war. Rupert Brooke, having not witnessed war, had attitudes showing the hysteria of war in 1914 projected to him, and knowing no different he had to believe it. The title "Anthem for Doomed Youth" has a huge sense of deliberate irony, stressing how brainless war appears to Owen. To Brooke on the other hand, war is far from pointless; it is something one does to receive admiration from their nation. Our first thought of an "Anthem" is a song of pride, love, passion and honor, but when such a word is followed by "doom", it takes away the glee and puts a feeling of misery, implying an inevitable death, in replacement. "Youth" also used in the title adds to the horror, as these are men with their whole lives in front of them. Full of solemn comparisons, it is a poem about the traditional funeral being substituted by the one that war has created. Owen writes" What passing-bells for these who die a... ...cally, ahead of his time, that war is not, by any means, right. However there is genuine optimism in Brooke's poem, to him, it was an honour to fight for his country; it was an honour to die for your country. Out of both of these sonnets my favorite has to be "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen. I like the way that he includes the reader in the sonnet from the very start. I also can relate to Owen's poem and I find it more thought provoking as I can't even begin to be in agreement to Brooke's reasoning behind "The Soldier", but this does shows me the attitude cultivated from the home front. With both of these sonnets, being so different, it brings me to a thorough understanding of both backgrounds and attitudes. The contrast between Owen and Brooke allows the reader to see the reality of the First World War from two totally different perspectives.

Baldwins Writing Style in Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwi

James Baldwin was born in Harlem in a time where his African American decent was enough to put more challenges in front of him than the average (white) American boy faced. His father was a part of the first generation of free black men. He was a bitter, overbearing, paranoid preacher who refused change and hated the white man. Despite of his father, his color, and his lack of education, James Baldwin grew up to be a respected author of essays, plays, and novels. While claiming that he was one of the best writers of the era could be argued either way, it is hard to argue the fact that he was indeed one of the most well-known authors of the time. One of his intriguing skills as a writer is his ability to intertwine narration and analysis in his essays. James Baldwin mixes narration and analysis in his essays so well that coherence is never broken, and the subconscious is so tempted to agree with and relate to what he says, that if you don’t pay close attention, one will find him self agreeing with Baldwin, when he wasn’t even aware Baldwin was making a point. Physical placement of analytical arguments and analytical transitions, frequency and size of analytical arguments, and the language used within the analytical arguments are the keys to Baldwin’s graceful persuasion. Throughout this essay, I will be using Baldwin’s â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† for examples. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† is an essay that Baldwin wrote which focuses primarily on his life around the time his father died, which also happens to be the same time his youngest brother was born. With the exception of the last paragraph, you never see a paragraph in â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† which offers only analysis. The majority of the time, Baldwin will either start ... ...any places throughout his essay which effectively helps the reader accept what he says as fact. Then, within these analyses, he uses a passive voice to make points. He doesn’t assert anything. He merely suggests and notices things around him, then lets you make the obvious connections. Maybe Baldwin uses this writing style no purpose or maybe he just writes this way naturally without noticing. Baldwin may have written these essays with the intent to make a point, or he may have written them for some other reason. It was not my intent to assign a purpose to Baldwin’s writing, but rather to note an interesting and powerful writing technique Baldwin uses, and how it results in writing which is extremely easy to agree with. Baldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Its my opinion :: social issues

It's my opinion I was told that the principal had used her executive power to chop up my article into bits that didn’t contain the harassing, offensive points that it originally owned. I was sad, very very sad. It’s tough for someone with a weak emotional structure to be rejected and told I’m harassing to younger people. So, the advisors went to the bargaining table, nothing changed. Therefore we revised, redid, and reedited the entire article and pumped out a version that had the heart and soul cut out of it, but we put it in the paper anyway. The version that came out in the last edition didn’t have the same edge that the original copy had. Now I have respect for people who have the courage to challenge the freedom of press (that’d be me). Bring it on. I’m not afraid of having my paper rejected. I take it as a compliment. If you want to try to challenge me, I will have the last word. I think of myself as an Epicurean. That means I don’t believe in emotions, but it also means I’m perverted. Anyway, someone without emotions has no conscience, without a conscience you are free of convictions. Being free of conviction means I cannot be offended. My anger is under my control, I choose not anger myself with the people who are angered with me. I divert my anger to people who cannot control themselves. That basically means that if your mad at me, and you try to make me angry it won’t work. For the last year of writing this column it has been more or less a joke. It was designed to make people chuckle a little. Now, this year I was told by the staff that the offender had no real point, just humor. So I decided for my first piece I would take a controversial subject, such as eroding senior privileges, and put my own point of view down and the point of view from many of the other seniors. I realize that I didn’t look at it from everyone’s point of view. That, I believe, was a mistake on my behalf. This is a subject that has seriously infuriated me and I took it out in a public piece. I believe there will be more people looking to my column, since I have written a controversial piece.

Blue Sky

TEACHING NOTE Blue Sky Thinking Case Analysis 1. Company Profile First Choice Holidays This session's students should describe the company profile of First Choice Holidays (FCH) – a travel agent which has more than 14. 000 staff, operate in 16 different countries and have ? 2,6 billion turnover in 2005. The students should able to define that FCH is the major player in travel industry and what the business they are in. 2.Problem Formulation This session's students should formulate the problems of FCH that shown by Sales Conversion rate had been static for two years, and also should be able to mention the FCH efforts to solve the problems and why they choose to hire Blue Sky Consulting. The hidden problems of FCH are sales and management staffs on motivation, focus, and believe in themselves and their products. One of the methods could use the fish bone diagram to find the problems. . Problem Solving Methods The problem solving methods are tend to fulfill the objectives of FCH is to increase 10% revenue yoy and to merge brands between ‘First Choice Direct' (Direct) and ‘Eclipse Direct' (Eclipse). The case shows that FCH hire the Blue Sky Consulting, in these section students should place themselves as Blue Sky Consultant and be able to show what Blue Sky do to achieve the FCH objectives.The first steps, Blue Sky create secondary objectives of developing a broad strategy that supported Direct and Eclipse team objectives: o Unifying company culture and brand value o Establishing measurement to ensure the performance improvement was maintained The next steps, Blue Sky conduct a ‘holistic operational diagnostic' on purpose to show the FCH management to evaluate the effectiveness FCH processes, as opposed to just identifying the sales training gaps. Blue Sky conduct ‘current performance evaluation' with activities include: o Meeting with key management personnel o Informal interview with cross-section of advisers and team leaders o Focu s Groups o Listening into and observing assessment of calls o Mystery Shopping o Staff surveys o Reviewing current skill and trainings o Reviewing Business Process o Documentation and initiatives – Create recommendation 4. Design and Action Plan Program This session's students should be able to show the need of developing and communicate the vision for call center and each department. Blue Sky TEACHING NOTE Blue Sky Thinking Case Analysis 1. Company Profile First Choice Holidays This session's students should describe the company profile of First Choice Holidays (FCH) – a travel agent which has more than 14. 000 staff, operate in 16 different countries and have ? 2,6 billion turnover in 2005. The students should able to define that FCH is the major player in travel industry and what the business they are in. 2.Problem Formulation This session's students should formulate the problems of FCH that shown by Sales Conversion rate had been static for two years, and also should be able to mention the FCH efforts to solve the problems and why they choose to hire Blue Sky Consulting. The hidden problems of FCH are sales and management staffs on motivation, focus, and believe in themselves and their products. One of the methods could use the fish bone diagram to find the problems. . Problem Solving Methods The problem solving methods are tend to fulfill the objectives of FCH is to increase 10% revenue yoy and to merge brands between ‘First Choice Direct' (Direct) and ‘Eclipse Direct' (Eclipse). The case shows that FCH hire the Blue Sky Consulting, in these section students should place themselves as Blue Sky Consultant and be able to show what Blue Sky do to achieve the FCH objectives.The first steps, Blue Sky create secondary objectives of developing a broad strategy that supported Direct and Eclipse team objectives: o Unifying company culture and brand value o Establishing measurement to ensure the performance improvement was maintained The next steps, Blue Sky conduct a ‘holistic operational diagnostic' on purpose to show the FCH management to evaluate the effectiveness FCH processes, as opposed to just identifying the sales training gaps. Blue Sky conduct ‘current performance evaluation' with activities include: o Meeting with key management personnel o Informal interview with cross-section of advisers and team leaders o Focu s Groups o Listening into and observing assessment of calls o Mystery Shopping o Staff surveys o Reviewing current skill and trainings o Reviewing Business Process o Documentation and initiatives – Create recommendation 4. Design and Action Plan Program This session's students should be able to show the need of developing and communicate the vision for call center and each department.

Unit 204 Nvq Business and Admin

Unit 204 – Communicate in a business environment-Nvq level 2 in Business and Administration Why do you need to know the purpose of any communication you are sending and its Intended audience (1. 1, 1. 2) In what way does this affect the language you might use when producing written communication or information? (2. 3) The purpose of communication is for human us to be able to understand each other for different reasons. So if we develop our communicative skills we can use this skill as a tool to help me learn or explain something to someone or both.We also communicate to help one another, listen to each others' problems, and solve difficulties we face in life, find solutions to obstacles that may come into our lives. If we know the audience, we can more effectively communicate with and persuade that audience. My motivation is to get satisfaction from expressing my ideas and getting recognition from the audience. Colloquial, casual, and formal writing are three common styles th at carry their own particular sets of expectations. Style also depends on the purpose of the document and its audience. Colloquial language is an informal, conversational style of writing.Casual language involves everyday words and expressions in a familiar group context such as conversations with family or close friends. Formal language is communication that focuses on professional expression with attention to roles, protocol, and appearance. It is characterized by its vocabulary and syntax or the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence. Describe different methods of communication and when you would use them? (1. 3,1. 4) Different methods of communication that I would use in a business environment are:  ® Written communication by exchange of letters, emails or faxes.I would use every day to communicate with customer, colleagues at work and with my supervisors  ® Verbal communication when I use the phone or I talk with someone face to face. I would use this when talking w ith customers by phone and when I talk with my work colleagues and managers face to face or by phone. Communication can be informal, like face to face communication that occurs in general in a daily situation, or formal and It follows proper order, and procedures, and can be recorded to store the outcomes. What are some of the key information sources you may need to refer to when preparing written communication and information? 2,1) The Key information sources I may need to refer to when preparing written communication and information and that can guard me against inaccuracies can be guidelines, policies, procedures, records, meeting notes, specifications, handbooks, directories, service plans, organisation charts and the organisation intranet and I could speak with colleagues or managers. If I am responding to a customer or to a manager I would read them through carefully to check I have addressed all the relevant points. When using email what are some of the key principles you sho uld follow? (2. ) The key principles I should follow when using email are:  ® Start the email with a proper greeting as Mr, Mrs. If is acceptable within the organisation we could ‘Hi’ or ‘Hello’.  ® We must explain the purpose of the message in a concise manner in the subject line.  ® Get to the point of the message as soon as possible.  ® Don’t write in capital letters.  ® Be careful of sending out email to a large number of people because some people don’t want their email address to be known by estrangers.  ® Don’t open an attachment or click in a link in an email from someone I don know as it could end up infecting the computer with a virus. It is not acceptable to use emoticons and abbreviations (like the ones used in mobile text messages). I could look very unprofessional.  ® Never use email to discuss confidential information and follow the Data Protection legislation.  ® Don’t use work email account to sen d personal emails. What should you do to ensure that your written communications are organised, structured and well presented to meet the needs of the intended audience? (2. 4) To ensure that my written communications are organised, structured and well presented to meet the need of the intended audience we should start by identifying who will read the message.We need to think about what they need to know and the vocabulary we need to use. We must think about the tone of the message as well. We should create an outline that will help to identify which steps to take in which order and use simple language. The structure of the document should be â€Å"reader friendly†. What are the main ways you can check the accuracy of any written communication you produce? (2. 5) Any written content or communication has to be free of spelling and grammatical errors. It also has to be in the right and professional format. We need to check the points written down: Whatever we write has to be ac curate, otherwise it will have disastrous effects and can even ruin the reputation of the organisation, and the organisation can itself get into trouble.  ® We need to do a spell check and grammar check. Spell-check is an option available to easily correct typo errors. Sometimes it will not be 100% accurate, because if you had typed a word instead of another, then spell check will not be able to trace it. So it is always best to even read through the document twice before finalising.  ® We could use a template.Every organisation has a different style for documents they produce. As an organisation, documents have to be produce in a standard and professional format.  ® We could have our document read by another reader. Sometimes when we read or own work error can be hard to detect What is meant by plain English and why is it used? (2. 7) Plain English sometimes referred to more broadly as plain language is a generic term for communication styles that emphasise clarity and the av oidance of technical language – particularly in relation to official government communication, including laws.The intention is to write in a manner that is easily understood by everyone and is appropriate to their reading skills and knowledge, clear and direct, free of cliche and unnecessary jargon. Plain English is simple, straightforward, easily understood English, in other words the opposite of the English used by lawyers which uses long words, out-of-date words, technical words and Latin words. Why is it important to ensure that spelling, grammar and punctuation are accurate? (2. 6) The main purpose in the correct use of grammar, punctuation and spelling is ensuring the receiver of the information reads it accurately.Addition to this when given a task to do, your employer expects you to do it perfectly. When a document has inaccuracies, readers tend to distrust everything, including the statistics, opinions, and facts. This would be relayed back to my employer who would t hemselves lose confidence in our ability. For progression in my company I need to ensure I carry out all tasks to a certain standard. Why is it necessary to proof read and check written work? (2. 8) Any work that is written has to be proofread and checked because the content that we write is important.The way a paper or any information looks affects the way others judge it. We all put in so much effort to develop a document and put in all the ideas and skills we have to create a document. So it has to be error free, else it will create a bad impression to the reader, which affects the name of the organisation. So it is always best to create the correct document and make a good impression. As they say, â€Å"The first impression is the best impression†. I should proofread virtually any written piece, from emails to minutes.Just proofreading will have a great effect on the quality of my material, and I am sure that way, I will earn more compliments from people. How do you disti nguish between work which is important and that which is urgent? (2. 9) Important communications those that can provide significant value to the organisation This could be reports to managers, partners, emails and letters to staff about developments or changes within the organisation. Urgent communications are those which have deadlines. Urgent task are not necessarily complicated but are usually linked to the organisation targets for response times.What are the procedures you need to follow for saving and filing written communications in your organisation? (2. 10) The procedures I need to follow for saving filling written communications in my organisation are when I file records, I organise files or records with similar information together. Important documents that need accessing by other departments or member of staff are saved in the shared drive. Any confidential information are kept in personal folders or encrypted with a password. Records may be kept as paper files, or electr onically in shared drives, databases, or document management systems.When speaking with people face to face and over the telephone, what can you do to ensure you are presenting information and ideas clearly and are contributing effectively to discussions? (3. 1, 3. 2) To ensure I am presenting information and ideas clearly when speaking with people face to face or over the phone I should think about what I am going to say before start talking so when I present information and ideas they will be much more concise. Knowing the subject matter by reading about it, doing some research or asking colleagues or managers will help as well.It is a good idea to write it down so we can organise our thoughts and then express them clearly. We can ask questions to get some feed back and make the other person participate in the conversation. How do you show people you are actively listening to them? (3. 3) To show people that I am actively listening face to face or over the phone I need to use appr opriate phrases like I see, I understand, mmmm and ask questions to check my understanding. In face to face communication I can see as well facial expressions of the person I am talking to and they can see mine.Not being sincere or not showing interest in the other person when talking to them can be notice from our facial expressions and our gestures We should make eye contact with the person we are talking to and show that we are actively listening by nodding our head or saying ‘yes’ or ‘I see’. When talking to people face to face or over the telephone, what are the key reasons you would summarise your conversations with them? (3. 4) When talking to people face to face or over the phone they reasons I should summarise my conversation with them is to reflect back what I have heard and because is not helpful to make assumptions.It always better to check if we are not sure of something and ask the other person to give us further information. Summarising can i mprove the quality and accuracy of our conversation. What are the main ways you can get feedback on whether communications with others have been effective and how can that feedback be used to develop your communication skills? (4. 1,4. 2) The main ways I can get feedback on whether communications with others have been effective are asking questions and making sure they understood fully. We should ask colleagues and mangers to give us feed back on how we are communicating with others.During face to face conversations you can watch the facial expressions, gestures, and posture of the person you're communicating with and from this determine their level of interest and agreement with your message. I should observe more experience colleagues and ask them what I do well and areas where I can improve. I could collect examples of well constructed email and letters and use them as a reference. I will have to set the example for the team and create an environment of trust that makes it okay t o share feedback. I should provide my team with a balance of positive feedback and feedback for improvement and receive them too.