Luther Essay Research Paper Martin Luther was free essay sample

Luther Essay, Research Paper Martin Luther was a German theologist and spiritual reformist, who started the Protestant Reformation, and whose huge influence during his clip period made him one of the important figures in modern European history. Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry, a fact that he frequently stressed. Hans Luther, his male parent, was a Cu mineworker. Luther received a sound primary and secondary instruction at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Erfurt, having a unmarried man # 8217 ; s grade in 1502 and a maestro # 8217 ; s grade in 1505. He so intended to analyze jurisprudence, as his male parent had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his surveies and his jurisprudence programs, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt. The determination surprised his friends and appalled his male parent. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising determination b y remembering several coppices with decease that had occurred at the clip, doing him cognizant of the fugitive character of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther Essay Research Paper Martin Luther was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the monastery he observed the regulations imposed on a novitiate but did non happen the peace in God he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monastic in the autumn of 1506, and his higher-ups selected him for the priesthood. Ordained in 1507, he approached his first jubilation of the mass with awe. After his ordination, Luther was asked to analyze divinity in order to go a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by monastics. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of the Augustinians and a friend and counsellor, to the new University of Wittenberg ( founded in 1502 ) to give introductory talks in moral doctrine. He received his unmarried man # 8217 ; s grade in divinity in 1509 and returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied. In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a visit to Rome, where he performed the spiritual responsibilities customary for a pious visitant and was shocked by the sophistication of the Roman clergy. Soon after restarting his responsibilities in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg and asked to analyze for the grade of physician of divinity. In 1512, after having his doctors degree, he took over the chair of scriptural divinity which he held till his decease. Although still unsure of God # 8217 ; s love and his ain redemption, Luther was active as a sermonizer, instructor, and decision maker. Sometime during his survey of the New Testament in readying for his talks, he came to believe that Christians are saved non through their ain attempts but by the gift of God # 8217 ; s grace, which they accept in religion. Both the exact day of the month and the location of this experience have been a affair of contention among bookmans, but the event was important in Luther # 8217 ; s life, because it turned him resolutely against some of the major dogmas of the Catholic church. Luther became a populace and controversial figure when he publish ed his Ninety-five Thesiss on October 31, 1517. His chief intent of composing the theses was to demo his resistance for the corruptness and wealth of the pontificate and to province his belief that redemption would be granted on the footing of religion entirely instead so by plants. Although it is by and large believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg, some bookmans have questioned this narrative, which does non happen in any of his ain Hagiographas. Regardless of the mode in which his propositions were made public, they caused great exhilaration and were instantly translated into German and widely distributed. Luther # 8217 ; s spirited defence and farther development of his place through public university argument s in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March 1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons. Luther continued his teaching and writing in Witt enberg but soon became involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants’ War (1524-26) because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings. He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily denounced them and supported the princes’ effort to restore order. Although he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles’ Creed, the Lord ’s Prayer, baptism, and the Lord’s Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers’ position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther’s translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center. By 1537, Luther’s health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question of Jesus’ messiahship. Apprehensive about his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben. Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of Western civilization.

Celta application form Essay Example

Celta application form Essay Example Celta application form Essay Celta application form Essay Essay Topic: College application Universal Jorge Tattooed Logan, 2007-2010 During my thesis at the university, I worked as a teaching assistant with undergraduate students. I worked on several microbiology laboratories. Activities generally consisted in explaining the theory for a certain technique or procedure, followed by practical exercises. My responsibilities included assisting students with equipment (measuring, handling), reviewing workflow charts and assisting the professor. Microbiology laboratories are quite demanding and due to safety measures, one must make sure the students follow the protocols and workflow precisely. Finch el Highern, Santa Elena, Ecuador From mid-2010 until 2013 lived on the coast of Ecuador near Quailing. During this time I worked on an agricultural project where students from a local school (College tectonic De Santa Elena) visited the farm once a week to practice what they had learned at school. Activities included equipment instructions, agricultural practices, crop planning, plant growth etc. Activities were conducted during a whole school year. What other work experience do you have? Have had several jobs in customer service and logistics. I have worked for English campaigns in the USA such us Compact and Att. Do you have any other professional training? Yes No If Yes, outline here: Customer service Operations Carpentry and Masonry OTHER INFORMATION Please indicate any health concerns that may be pertinent to your application: None Is there any other information you think is worth mentioning? How did you hear about the courses at International House Bogota;? Internet Will you need help with accommodation? Yes OTHER APPLICATIONS Have you previously applied for a CELT course at any centre? Yes If yes what was the outcome of your application/interview? Approved Are you applying to centers other than II Bogota;? British Council IMPORTANT: Please note that acceptance on a course does not mean a place has been reserved for you. To ensure a place the full fee must be paid no later than six weeks before the start of the course. Fees are not transferable or refundable. I have read and accepted the above conditions. Signed: Arturo Date: 4/15/2015 PLEASE KEEP A COPY OF THIS FORM ONCE YOU HAVE LADLED IT IN. Pre-intent. IEEE task: CELT at II Bogota; Name: Arturo Hypes 1. LEARNING There is a lot to learn about teaching in a very short period of time. How would you characterize yourself as a learner? I believe my learning style is a blend between visual and kinesthesia. As input, like for information to be presented visually; reading written dialogues while Im listening helps retaining information. I am also a hands on person and therefore I learn by doing it. I believe on the effectiveness of an empirical approach depending on the topic. B) W hat is your preferred learning style? For example: 1. Watch it done and copy it 2. Read the theory of it and try to apply it 3. Try it out and get feedback on it 4. Work it out for yourself 5. Or My style would be a combination between number 1 and 2. Depends on the topic and the task. 2. TEACHING Answer the following in 2 or 3 sentences: i. How would you get students talking in class? An effective introduction with positive attitude and a smile is a start. It is important to start with a low level of complexity, start building empathy and provide students with enough information for them to fill confident. Then I would continue asking questions, listening carefully in order to keep asking questions based on what they have said. Ii. What are some of the reasons for and against teaching grammar rules? Reasons Against: grammar based lessons dont lead to oral fluency, language is acquired rather than learned. Reasons for: grammar is De backbone of a language, bringing an idea to its full extension needs the underlying structure of grammar. Iii. How important is listening and reading when learning a foreign language? One needs a massive input of data to learn a language fluently, this helps to develop language intuition, while bringing and incorporating new words into the speech. Iv. What is a good way of teaching vocabulary? Some effective ways for teaching vocabulary are: guessing the meaning wrought the context Of a lecture. The Odd word out, where a list Of 4-5 words contains one that does not fit. Match the opposites. 2 lists of words the first list should contain adjectives and the second the opposite of those adjectives. V. What are the main reasons for and against correcting students mistakes? Reasons for: most students do want to have some of their mistakes corrected as it gives them a basis for improvement. Letting errors pass means that bad habits become persistent. Reasons against: over-correcting may cause a student to lose motivation or to stop talking for fear of being wrong. It can also interrupt the flow of the class or activity, making a pause on every mistake to correct. 3. THE TEACHER a. In your opinion, which of the following jobs would best prepare a person for language teaching (choose one only): sports coach tour group leader driving instructor actor/actress Why? Social worker lecturer sales person nurse Multiple interactions with different kinds of people can lead to learn different accents, words, slang etc. Which helps to develop a more richer language. B. In the light of the above, why do you think YOU are suited to language teaching? Ive been interested in the English language and due to my school and university Ive studying it for most of my life. I am also an open minded individual with excellent interpersonal relationships and lots of stamina, which in my opinion can help develop good relations with students. 4. TEACHER TALK ORe-phrase the following teacher talk in language that an elementary learner might understand. O. If you wouldnt mind opening your books to page 23, please. Please open your books and go to page 23. D. What might you ask someone if you wanted to find out how to get to the cost office? What would you say to someone if you need help finding the post office? O. Jot down the answers and then swap with your neighbor. Write down the answer and then exchange it with the person next to you. 5. LANGUAGE AWARENESS 000000000. Which is the odd one out in each group, and why? O. The babys bottle. The nations struggle. The teachers absent. The nurses pay. The governments defeat. The teachers absent is the odd one out because it refers to something happening in the present. The apostrophe is used as a contraction for the teacher is. While in the others is used as a possessive. 0. 0 The plane was hi-jacked by a woman. The tourists were attacked by a gang. The soldier was hit by a bullet. The trains collided by a river. Three hundred people were killed by the earthquake. Why? The by on the sentence is being used in the sense of beside meaning the trains collided at the side of a river or next to it. The others are using it in the sense of through the action of 0. 0 She must have lost the address. Alan must have been here too. That must have been awful. The thieves must have got in through the window.

Behavior Management Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Behavior Management Project - Research Paper Example At some point, Brian has difficulties in interpreting academic instructions more particularly in absence of an adult help. When presented with academic instructions or exams, Brian would progressively become angry, uneasy, breaking down and crying profusely. In order to help Brian deal with these problems, the following behaviour intervention plan was designed. For a period of two weeks, Brian will be required to have a full time company of an adult helper while in class who will help him read questions whenever he is unable to read or finds it difficult. The adult will leave at a scheduled three time period every hour. Each break will last utmost 3 minutes in duration. It is expected that during this period, Brian will most likely face individual reading exam and would either get angry or cry uncontrollably causing a halt in exam administration. In addition, he may fail to complete his exam. The behavioural plan designed is aimed at teaching him the essence of self-control in his co nduct while dealing stressful situations in school and life after. During the interaction session, he will be taught how to manage his behaviour. In this regard, on the event he faces difficulty and senses a feeling of anger he will be required to stop whatever he does and raise up his hand for a short break. This would then be followed by a support schedule that would be given consistently and then slowly withdrawn. This is important in instilling in him the expected end behaviour without necessarily using reinforcement. After numerous weeks of implementing the intervention plan, it was found that on average the difficulties experienced in reading reduced considerably. However, some traces of anger would still be witnessed for example Brian would occasionally be noticed frowning during or after the exam or a reading session in class. If this recommended plan is continued, the end result would be desirable. Introduction Target behaviour Brian, a third grade student, is a normal stud ent like others except that he has difficulties in reading and working out questions by himself. This behaviour normally begins some few minutes after the start of examination session and worsens as it nears the end. The tension first rises then followed by a show of frustration and anger and eventual loud cry sobbing uncontrollably. The crying can last for a period of between 5 and 10 minutes and always happens whenever examinations are administered across all subjects. Hypothesis It is hypothesized from his behaviour that Brian engages in crying when he fails to recall what was taught in class prior to exam administration. He therefore thinks the exam given is too difficult and meant to frustrate him. He engages in crying as a means of letting off stress and as a show of frustration on the teachers. This behaviour is normally caused by inadequate preparation and excessive parental expectation. At the beginning of every examination, he actually needs the presence of one of the pare nts or an equivalent helper whose work is to acknowledge every simple step he makes in doing the exam. Rationale In order to assist Brian to do his work independently and deal adequately with his unworthy behaviour, there is a need to design and teach him necessary tools required to enhance self-control. His behaviour of crying whenever he fails to memorize what was earlier taught in class can effectively be minimized by teaching

Technical Evaluations Using Web APIs Research Paper

Technical Evaluations Using Web APIs - Research Paper Example Over the years, we had seen the development of personal computers at a time when the massive IBM Company thought that the idea of developing and creating the personal computer was not viable. In their own words, they said that the personal computer was ‘a toy’. At the time, IBM was creating and building only mainframe computers. They ridiculed the idea of the development of the personal computers so much, so that the likes of Microsoft were forced to do something big while the others watched. Today, personal computers are found in almost every home and school. In the world of search engines, Google is developing very fast. The Google we have today is not the same as the Google we had 12 years ago or so. The company is making innovations every other day. It is becoming a juggernaut that crashes anything in its way; Google cannot stop to overcome anything that comes its way. The Google web API has been around for a while now. This API enables developers to create websites that have the Google searching services in them without much hustle (Chase). The Google Web Search API enables developers to put the Google Search services in the web pages they come up with using JavaScript. This whole process happens by embedding of the code that Google makes available on some of its web sites for developers to take and use for their own purposes. The use of the web search API is regulated with the terms and conditions that developers have to comply with the terms and conditions of Google as a company and service provider. Once the search box from Google is embedded in code, users can be able to search for anything from the web sites that have implemented the use of the web search API (Google Developers). The results from the web search can also be seen on the same page as the one the search made on with no problem at all. An example of a web site that has implemented the Google Web Search so well is http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/search.php This website has imple mented the Google Search API in its search page. This has made it easier for the website’s visitors to quickly locate any content they are searching for. The search API lets developers embed code into the web sites they make in order to bring results they want the users to see. The developers filter the results according to the criteria they deem fit the visitors of the site should see and that meets the demands of all the stake holders of the web site. When visiting standard media web site, newspaper readers from Kenya may wish to search the contents of the site very fast and depend on the search field to give them very specific content they may be looking for from the web site. Use of the Google Web Search API has very little restrictions. Google Inc. has been at the forefront of development of open source software for a while now and their APIs are mostly open source too; in order to achieve this purpose. The API is available for download from the Google developers’ web site. At the point of download, the user or developer downloading the API is required to agree to the terms and conditions of use to access the API (Google Developers). Rich Interface Technologies There are a number of rich tech technologies in place today. Some of them are Ajax, JQuery, HTML5, which are used for the development of beautiful

Stock Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Stock Valuation - Essay Example ter every three months and good dividend paying stocks increase their payout every year unlike those who own funds who most of the time are not sure about what the dividends will be and instead have a default option to buy more shares. It is also easier to understand market volatility since the investor knows the company well, and this helps an investor to make a decision whether to buy, sell or hold their position. Individual stocks also have lower costs than funds help one to diversify their holdings (Hayek, 2013). I would not be okay with the political risks that are prevalent in the increase among the BRISC countries since these countries include the emerging markets that need ample political stability to grow and mature. The political risk brings a lot of volatility in the stock market, as well as discourages foreign and domestic investment as investors prefer more stable markets that are easily predictable in order not to take so much risk. Through negative correlation, the idea of hedging and diversification are elaborated. Since negative correlation tends to make two investments move in opposite directions, an investor is therefore advised to invest in both the investments in order to spread risks. It makes sense that, when an investor invests in those two investments, one investment loses value, the other one will gain value hence the investor must not lose everything at any particular point, but at least gain on some (Eric,

Arguments For And Arguments Against Democracy Politics Essay

Arguments For And Arguments Against Democracy Politics Essay There are many benefits or arguments that are for democracy; since the ample population is given rights and autonomy. A very important characteristic that leads to being a benefit of democracy is that it allows citizen from all walks of life to participate actively in the political proceedings of their homeland. However, there are arguments against (disadvantages of) democracy also. One of the main defects in the idea of democracy is that the authority given to the masses can also be distorted, made improper use of and become the tyranny of the ample/ majority. This can become a double-crossing issue in democracy. Benefits of Democracy It has been noted that most countries in todays era believe in the ideology of democracy and in its various theories. Some of the most powerful and advanced countries believe in democracy and follow democratic peace theory. Followers of democracy also argue that it is better to have the tyranny of the majority rather than tyranny of the minority. A research by Diplomatic Changes in the Government Democracy can offer adjustments in government without antagonism. In a democratic government, power can be moved from one party to another through the method of elections. The authority that is the hands of citizens or general public of a nation makes the decisions for its ruling power. Avoidance of Monopoly In addition, any government is restricted to an election term after which it has to compete against other parties to recover supremacy. This mean avoids monopoly of the controlling party. The reigning establishment has to make sure it operates effectively for its citizens as it cannot continue being the power unless the people re-elect the same government to come to term again. A Sense of Appreciation This instills a sense of accountability towards the people. The ruling party owes their triumph in winning the elections and coming to authority to the citizens of the country. This brings about a sense of appreciation towards the people. This appreciation can help play a role in the governments motivation to function for citizens as it is because of the votes and trust of the citizens that the party has power to rule. Sense of Contribution An important for-argument of democracy is that the people attain a sense of involvement in the process of choosing their administration for their Nation. They acquire the opportunity to speak out their observations and views by the process of voting. This gives rise to a feeling of belonging to the people and they also feel as if they belong to the society and can contribute towards its betterment. Having an upper hand during war time: A leading research by Ajin Choi (affiliated by the International Studies Quarterly 2004, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea), says that democracies execute better in the time of war than non-democracies, that is they are more likely to win wars than non-democracies. The author (Ajin Choi) points this chiefly to the simplicity of the policies, and the constancy of their inclinations, due to which they are better able to deal with their partners. Avoidance of famine: Followers of democracy quite freely quote the famous economist,  Amartya Sen, who believed that no operating democracy has ever managed to damage a large scale  famine  to affect its people. Disadvantages of Democracy: Until quite recently, conformist beliefs have believed that economic progress or development, predictably and with rapidness leads to democracy. Even though reality does show that almost all of the developed and rich countries of the world are democratic. But reality also shows that, the relationship between economic development and democracy is actually quite weak. The increasing number of prosperous non-democratic countries advocates that great wealth single-handedly doesnt involuntarily direct to more political liberalization. This is proved by the economic success of China and other non- democratic states in Asia. Wrong choice can be made In democratic countries, it is the ordinary person who has the ultimate right to decide their parliament and their current powers to be. Also all people are not conscious of the political circumstances of their nation. The people may not also be up to date of the political issues in their country. This can lead to a wrong decision of voting to the wrong party by the citizens. Hitler was rightly elected through democratic elections; though later he turned into a Fascist. This shows how a political leader could play with the emotions of people into blackmailing them to vote for him, ultimately misleading them into making a wrong choice. Government May Lose focus The government is bound to changes and adjustments once they are elected or re-elected, it may operate with a short-term purpose. As governments have to go through the method of election once their tenure ends and have to re-elected, they may lose focus on operating efficiently for the people and give attention to winning the elections. Masses Have Power Since majority has power- there can be a tyrannical rule of the majority which ultimately works against the minority. It has been proved by a research made by World Bank that though USA is a popular democratic country with loads of power and is one the most affluent and developed country, domestic inequality is largely seen. A huge countrywide score on the  human development index  (HDI) is partnered by the differences in health, education, and income amongst the various ethnic sets. In USA, almost every state has an  infant mortality  which is greater for the African-Americans then for local white people. Citizens might vote in favor of a party under pressure of the masses, because of the influence of people around them and because of their opinions, and end up making the wrong judgments. Though democracy tries to prevent discrimination and supports collaboration and harmonization. It also slows things down, stops those in power from committing an action that is against the majoritys wish.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay -- Narrative Life Fr

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Complete Title: An Exploration of the Relationship between Southern Christianity and Slaveholding as seen in the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Written by Himself†    Dr. Pautreaux’s comments: What makes this paper memorable is the fact that this student is also a minister. Both his command of the language and his insight as a minister gave this paper a unique view of the narrative.    We can so easily deceive ourselves into believing that what is accepted by the general population as normal behavior is also justifiably correct. Rarely do we, as a society, question our customs as long as this behavior yields such commodities as convenience, profit or social benefit. If contested, our acts become well justified and defended. All components of our lifestyle are purposefully bent to fit around popular beliefs and anything, up to and including the Holy Bible, can be distorted to advance our position. A current example of this is today's Muslim terrorists who are using teachings in their Koran to justify their position saying that the Koran dictates that they must fight a holy war, killing as many Christians and Jews as possible, even going so far as to sacrifice their own lives in the process. This sort of religious distortion, used to justify man's self-serving will, is what writer and former slave, Frederick Douglass exposes in his story of his life which he wr ote in 1845. In his story, Douglass gives us a wealth of obvious incongruities of people professing Christianity while practicing slavery: "The man who robbed me of my earnings at the end of each week meets me as a class-leader on Sunday morning, to show me the way of ... ...lt of the Christian religion itself, perhaps the present religious conflict could be resolved. We, too, have the obligation to remember that the strain of Islam that has come to fore in these days of terrorist attacks, is but an extremist fanatical derivation or a religion that also has a pure and good basis. We should all make sure that religion is not a "mere covering for the most horrid crimes--a justifying of the most appalling barbarity...in which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal deeds...find the strongest protection" (1059) as it was in the days of slavery in the southern U. S. and in the life of Frederick Douglass. Work Cited    Douglass, Frederick. '"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave." The Harper Single Volume American Literature. Ed. Donald McQuade, et.al. 3rd edition. New York: Longman, 1999. 1020-1081. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay -- Narrative Life Fr Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Complete Title: An Exploration of the Relationship between Southern Christianity and Slaveholding as seen in the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Written by Himself†    Dr. Pautreaux’s comments: What makes this paper memorable is the fact that this student is also a minister. Both his command of the language and his insight as a minister gave this paper a unique view of the narrative.    We can so easily deceive ourselves into believing that what is accepted by the general population as normal behavior is also justifiably correct. Rarely do we, as a society, question our customs as long as this behavior yields such commodities as convenience, profit or social benefit. If contested, our acts become well justified and defended. All components of our lifestyle are purposefully bent to fit around popular beliefs and anything, up to and including the Holy Bible, can be distorted to advance our position. A current example of this is today's Muslim terrorists who are using teachings in their Koran to justify their position saying that the Koran dictates that they must fight a holy war, killing as many Christians and Jews as possible, even going so far as to sacrifice their own lives in the process. This sort of religious distortion, used to justify man's self-serving will, is what writer and former slave, Frederick Douglass exposes in his story of his life which he wr ote in 1845. In his story, Douglass gives us a wealth of obvious incongruities of people professing Christianity while practicing slavery: "The man who robbed me of my earnings at the end of each week meets me as a class-leader on Sunday morning, to show me the way of ... ...lt of the Christian religion itself, perhaps the present religious conflict could be resolved. We, too, have the obligation to remember that the strain of Islam that has come to fore in these days of terrorist attacks, is but an extremist fanatical derivation or a religion that also has a pure and good basis. We should all make sure that religion is not a "mere covering for the most horrid crimes--a justifying of the most appalling barbarity...in which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal deeds...find the strongest protection" (1059) as it was in the days of slavery in the southern U. S. and in the life of Frederick Douglass. Work Cited    Douglass, Frederick. '"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave." The Harper Single Volume American Literature. Ed. Donald McQuade, et.al. 3rd edition. New York: Longman, 1999. 1020-1081.

Implications for Education Using Frueds Theory Essay

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia, a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire known until recently as Czechoslovakia. His home was Vienna where he studied and practiced medicine until 1938 when Austria was annexed by the Nazis. With the Nazi annexation of Austria he went into exile in England and died in London in 1939. Freud made a great contribution to psychology and learning theory with his discovery of the emotional nature of unconscious motivations. His personality theory – though not entirely correct in all its aspects – brought to our awareness the unconscious level of the human ‘mind’. As a result we are aware of some previously unknown aspects of human development. We now know that the mental conflicts of the neurotic are not fundamental conflicts of human nature. Instead they are based on the motivating forces and social conflicts of the social environment within which the individual personality develops and functions. The concept of ‘normality’ makes sense only within the context of nature of the social environment in which the individual is functioning. Freud’s scientific discovery of the unconscious has contributed to the understanding of the role of the unconscious in the motivation aspect of learning †¦the basis of the valuing process intrinsic to the human organism†¦ (‘intrinsic motivation’) and the importance of the emotional nature of motivation as a determinant for effective learning. This is of great significance to learning theory and consequently to educational theory. The emotional nature of motivation for learning is a key aspect of educational theory of the so-called paradigm of education for development of the person as a whole i.e. ‘holistic education’. In 1923 Freud described his constructs of the id, ego and the superego. The id is the most primitive part of our personality. It operates according to the pleasure principle and it simply seeks immediate gratification. Freud believed that every human had a life and death instinct. The life instinct is called eros while the death instinct is called thanatos. Both are integral parts of the id. And the energy for this mechanism is libido, a flowing, dynamic force. The ego is different from the id as it is extremely objective. It operates according to the â€Å"reality principle† and deals with the demands of the environment. It regulates the flow of libido and keeps the id in check, thus acting as a â€Å"control center† of the personality. It is the superego which represents the values and standards of an individual’s personality. It acts as an internal judge, it punishes the ego with feelings of guilt or it rewards, which lead to feelings of pride and heightened s elf-esteem. The superego is a characteristic of the personality which strives for perfection. According to Freud, the disparity and development of the id, ego and the superego, determines an individual’s behavior in a given situation, which in turn results in the development of the personality. Freud placed great importance on the early years of a child as he believed that what we are as adults is determined by childhood experiences. Freud called these early years of development the psychosexual years of development. These early years proceed through a number of stages. Each child undergoes the different stages. These stages are the oral stage (first year of life), the anal stage ( second year), phallic stage (third through fifth year), a period of latency (from 6 to 12), and the genital stage (after puberty). Freud believed that as every child passes through these stages there might be a likely possibility that a child may spend more time in a particular stage then they aught to. This co ndition can lead to a fixation or an incomplete development of the personality. A critical event during the first five years of life is the experience of Oedipus and Electra conflicts. Freud believed that both sexes encounter and must deal with these turmoils, which result from boys developing sexual attraction toward their mothers, and girls developing sexual attraction towards their fathers. A boy may have feelings of jealousy towards his father as he is an obstacle between him and his mother. And, they fear retaliation by their fathers if they are caught (fear of castration). Since the boy loves his father, these feelings are repressed and he begins to identify with the father, adopting his values. Similarly girls develop hostility towards their mothers, unconsciously blaming their mothers for not being equal with boys. They assume that something is missing and feels inadequate (penis envy). Another major aspect of psychoanalysis is the development of defense mechanisms. According to the theory defense mechanisms are used by the ego to protect the person from anxiety. Repression is when information is pushed down into the unconscious. This information is either unpleasant or undesirable and may cause anxiety. Very often this information is pushed so deep down into the unconscious that is hard to retrieve. Reaction formation is when due to anxiety feelings are replaced by the extreme opposite. For instance a person feeling hate will be replaced by love. Undoing is when the ego completely changes actions which lead to feelings of anxiety. In this mechanism the truth may be drastically distorted. Projection is when an individual tends to assign one’s own shortcomings on to someone else. Rationalization is when an irrational act is made to appear rational. Denial occurs in cases where the ego is threatened and a person refuses to acknowledge the reality or seriousness of the situation. Identification involves empathizing with the qualities or characteristics of another favorable person. Fixation and Regression are related mechanisms which occur during psychosexual development. Psychoanalysis is also a therapy. It is based on the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how these unconscious factors affect current relationships and patterns of behavior, traces them back to their historical origins, shows how they have changed, and helps individuals to deal better with the realities of adult life. Though primarily of historical interest, an understanding of Freudian theory may give classroom teachers insight into the importance of unconscious feelings and drives that motivate some student behavior Implications for teaching When applying psychoanalysis to children or young students, a teacher must take a broad view by exploring the considerable range of psychoanalytic literature available.When applying psychoanalytic theories to children in the classroom, activities are typically categorized into either behaviorism or cognitivism. Behaviorism focuses on tangible behaviors, such as a child who will share her toys versus a child of the same age who refuses to share. Behaviorism also looks at conditioning and social learning to understand where a child picks up his personality traits and habits. Cognitivism looks at mental processes and events rather than tangible behaviors. Cognitive structure, or the structure and function of the brain, is of particular concern here. In cognitive science, psychologists are concerned with whether behaviors can be justified chemically or structurally in biological differences between people. When behaviorism and cognitivism are understood, teachers, parents and psychologists can attempt to answer behavioral disorders from a social conditioning and chemical perspective. A behavioral problem may be rooted in either or both areas of psychoanalysis. An example of a classic activity used for psychoanalysis in the classroom is role playing. During a role play, the teacher exercises control over the basic setup of the scenario. Students then act within those boundaries to produce original decisions and actions. In each scenario, a student knows there are things she should or should not do. For example, if the scenario involves seeing another child break a rule, the actor in the role play must decide what to do. Should he tell the teacher, attempt to punish or correct the child himself or let the child get away with it? Classroom activities around psychoanalytic theory can be public or anonymous. An example of an anonymous psychoanalytic activity is the question and answer game. Students write anonymous questions about social situations on a piece of paper and submit them to the teacher. The teacher will pass the questions back out to students, making sure each student gets a question he did not write. Students take the questions home and answer them overnight, and resubmit them anonymously. The teacher then reads them aloud for class discussion. 1. Learning is a process of active construction. Learning is the interaction between what students know, the new information they encounter, and the activities they engage in as they learn. Students construct their own understanding through experience, interactions with content and others, and reflection. Teaching Implication Provide opportunities for students to connect with your content in a variety of meaningful ways by using cooperative learning, interactive lectures, engaging assignments, hands-on lab/field experiences, and other active learning strategies. 2. Students’ prior knowledge is an important determinant of what they will learn. Students do not come to your class as a blank slate. They use what they already know about a topic to interpret new information. When students cannot relate new material to what they already know, they tend to memorize—learning for the test—rather than developing any real understanding of the content. Teaching Implication Learn about your students’ experiences, preconceptions, or misconceptions by using pre-tests, background knowledge probes, and written or oral activities designed to reveal students’ thinking about the topic. 3. Organizing information into a conceptual framework helps students remember and use knowledge. Students must learn factual information, understand these facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework, and organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and application in order to develop competence in a new topic. Teaching Implication Support students by using concept maps, flowcharts, outlines, comparison tables, etc., to make the structure of the knowledge clear. 4. Learning is a social phenomenon.   Students learn with greater understanding when they share ideas through conversation, debate, and negotiation. Explaining a concept to one’s peers puts knowledge to a public test where it can be examined, reshaped, and clarified. Teaching Implication Use Cooperative learning strategies, long-term group projects, class discussions, and group activities to support the social side of learning. 5. Learning is context-specific. It is often difficult for students to use what they learn in class in new contexts (i.e., other classes, the workplace, or their personal lives). Teaching Implication Use problem-based learning, simulations or cases, and service learning to create learning environments similar to the real world. 6. Students’ metacognitive skills (thinking about thinking) are important to their learning. Many students utilize few learning strategies and have a limited awareness of their thinking processes. Teaching Implication Help students become more metacognitively aware by modeling your thinking as you solve a problem, develop an argument, or analyze written work in front of the class. Teach metacognitive strategies, such as setting goals, making predictions, and checking for consistency. Focus attention on metacognition by having students write in a learning journal or develop explanations of their problem-solving processes. Conclusion Psychoanalytic (or psychosexual) theory deals primarily with personality and postulates that human â€Å"behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, memories, and conflicts† (Feldman, 1998, p. 26) that often stem from early life experiences. According to this theory, there are three basic structures of the personality: the id (which consists of the irrational libidinal drives that motivate the person to seek pleasure and sexual gratification), the ego (the rational part of the mind), and the superego (essentially the conscience which counterbalances the impulses of the id). Development occurs through a sequence of five psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) which focus on a body part (or erogenous zone) that becomes the center of pleasure or gratification (Rice, 1997). Defense mechanisms such as denial, repression, rationalization, and displacement, which serve the important purpose of temporarily distorting reality to relieve anxiety or reduce conflict, are also important components of Psychoanalytic theory. Though primarily of historical interest, an understanding of Freudian theory may give classroom teachers insight into the importance of unconscious feelings and drives that motivate some student behavior.

poe works essays

poe works essays The short story Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin, tells the story of two brothers who come to understand each other. More specifically, it shows, through its two main characters, Sonny and his older brother, the two sides of African-Americans experience with much of racism. The narrator, Sonnys brother, has tried to assimilate to the white society, but still feel the pain and the limits on his opportunity. On the other hand, Sonny has never tried to assimilate and has to find the way out for his pain through drugs. Analyzing the plot of Sonnys Blues, we can understand what happened, why it happened, and why characters acted the way they do. The exposition of the Sonnys Blues starts when the narrator introduces characters, scene, and situation of the story. The narrator learns from a newspaper that his younger brother, Sonny, has been arrested for peddling and using heroin. (Baldwin 83) The narrator is a high school teacher, and his wife is Isabel. Leaving the school, the narrator comes across an old friend of Sonnys in the schoolyard. They talk about Sonnys arrest and tell each other some their fears. The friend says that he cant much help old Sonny no more. This angers the narrator because it reminds him that he himself had give up trying to help his brother and not even seen Sonny in a year. However, he keeps in touch with Sonny again after his daughter dies. It is also the moment the narrator begins to wonder about Sonny again. The scene ends the exposition, and opens the storys rising action part. The story continues as the narrator meets Sonny after Sonny get out of prison. As Sonnys request, they take a long cab ride and recall their memories that they had experienced in vivid, killing streets in their childhood. Next, we hear the conversation between the n ...

Fraudulent Chats With Unlike A essays

Fraudulent Chats With Unlike A essays Your standing in the lunch line and who happens to be in front of you, but Natalie Smith, that girl you just can't stand, everything she does just irks you. Even the thought of her brings these disturbing thoughts, that can't be that healthy, like wanting to take her by her little, blonde pig tails and swing her off from the highest building, making those little rosy cheeks stained with blood, this bringing the biggest grin to your face. Being her bubbly, cheerful self, she turns around, gives you the brightest smile, and acts as if its a surprise to see you. This all follows with one of those fake conversations. Everyone has had to have one, so I am sure you all know what I am talking about. You both know you don't care for one another, but you carry on with a friendly, "How have you been? What have you been up to?" bogus conversation. I particularly hate when I bump into these people. What I rather do, is turn to them and say, "I really don't like you and I know you don't really like me, I could care less, my life will go on, I really have no reason at all to talk to you, so please... step aside!" This of course is the nice way of putting it. And its really a simple solution to get out of those miserable conversations, with the phonies that like to put on fronts. Those people that like to be nice to everyone. Saying something along these lines, would surely set these people in their places and they will come to see that maybe not everyone is a Mary Poppins sunshine 24/7. You can just be upfront, you wont have to struggle to smile to the person you most despise, you wont have to act like you care about what they did during their vacation. If they went para sailing off in Hawaii, unless the little ropes on their parachute snapped and there little, fragile body went crashing down on the cold, brisk water, instantly braking every bone in their body. Then you would not only not have to talk to them, but wouldn't even have to see their ...

Reality TV's Negative Affect on Our Society Research Paper

Reality TV's Negative Affect on Our Society - Research Paper Example In some instances, it may make the viewer or the audiences revel at such negative attributes and vices such as pain, sex, and injuries to the cast, which in real sense the viewer should not. The end-result is the cast is rewarded for poor personal, societal or professional judgment. Since the advent of reality TV programming, critics have rightly described as a genre that is sensational and focusing on an emphasis on the negative aspects of the society. Hill (7) states that such articles such as ‘Ragbag of Cheap Thrills’, ‘TV’s Theatre of Cruelty’ or ‘Danger: Reality TV can Rot Your Brain’ describe how there is a negative connotation associated with reality TV. Further Nick Clarke argues in The Shadow of a Nation that reality TV has led to the erosion of the values hitherto held by the society as well as distracting the ideals of a modern society. For example scenes of addiction to drugs and war in reality television programs have the pot ential effect of eroding the culture held by the society as well as its moral values (Hill 7). Other programs such as Real Housewives of Atlanta  and Basketball Wives  that show violent confrontations between women tend to make young ladies copy them with the thoughts that such behavior is desirable. In the analysis of the reality TV program ‘Extreme Makeover’, the negative aspect of the society is portrayed as the show suggests that the American society is constantly in trouble to find or live in a decent home showing how a contemporaneous socio-political tension or situation. The crisis that the cast in the program face is at times used to hoodwink the electorate who vote in leaders who can promise better housing... This "Reality TV Negative Effects to Society" essay demonstrates how such shows as "Extreme Makeover" or "16 and pregnant" shapes our worldview. Reality television shows have constantly portrayed a distasteful and dysfunctional behavior in the form of entertainment and people get easily manipulated and end up applying the same behavior in the society. The negative influence of reality television programs is that they allow a person or the viewer to follow what has been determined for him by someone else as reality. The producers of reality TV programs also fail to consider ethics when producing these programs, as they tend to exploit the misfortune of others such as divorce and teenage pregnancy all in the name of entertainment. From the foregoing argument, research has proven that reality television programs just warp the viewer’s perception of reality and their belief. This is the reason for example why viewers or members of the society who view the world as filled with dram a and relational strife are addicted to reality programs, for example the regular viewers of drama on crime are likely to engage in crime. In addition, the society has been affected in a major way and in a negative way by the reality programs as members of the society do not wish to learn how to accomplish a rigorous or desirable feat but demand to achieve it through controversy and idiocy. The end result is a society built on negative values and morals that greatly affect the productivity and meaningful co-existence.

Native Guard Poems By Natasha Trethewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Native Guard Poems By Natasha Trethewey - Essay Example The poem profoundly conveys her heart for the blacks in rich voice texture and images of truths concerning the battles not only against slavery for the fellow blacks but even with the unsettled issue of freedom that appears detached from the desired racial equality. â€Å"Native Guard† begins with an epigraph attributed to the 19th century social reformer and statesman Frederick Douglass stating â€Å"... if this war is to be forgotten, I ask in the name of all things sacred what shall men remember?† in reference to the Civil War which Trethewey revitalizes with her literary design. Utilizing ten stanzas each bearing distinct date, the poet pays tribute to one member of the Louisiana Native Guards being â€Å"the first officially sanctioned regiment of black soldiers in the Union Army.† With reference to the first line where the speaker expresses  Ã¢â‚¬ Truth be told, I do not want to forget†, the native guard himself is shown to have gathered to his sen sibility an essential contemplation of the past, adding â€Å"†¦I thought to carry with me / want of freedom though I had been freed, / remembrance not constant recollection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . ... s and ends with a memory wherein the last line of each sonnet becomes a variant of the subsequent sonnet's opening line, as in a meaningful chronology of historical events. Since â€Å"Native Guard† is a first-person narrative supposedly by an unnamed ex-slave in an all-black regiment of the Union Army, the lines can be observed to possess stately approach to language and structure. Within the poem’s context is the presence of circularity depicting circumstantial shifts as one finds the former slave guarding the imprisoned inside the Union fort at Mississippi’s Ship Island. Comparing his personal life in relation to his professional life as a military officer who look after welfare of the fallen rebels, he states – I now use ink to keep record, a closed book, not the lure of memory — flawed, changeful — that dulls the lash for the master, sharpens it for the slave. For the slave, having a master sharpens the bend into work, the way the sergea nt moves us now to perfect battalion drill, dress parade. Trethewey’s style of writing in â€Å"Native Guard† is characteristic of a speaker’s tone or at least, a sound representative of the way speech is made in the culture or group the narrator has become a part of. Like journal entries, the words are phrased and constructed in a manner that indirectly yet effectively states the type of sentiments involved and along the following lines, the bitterness may be sensed with the drop of the last two words – †¦We’re called supply units - not infantry – and so we dig trenches, haul burdens for the army no less heavy than before. I heard the Colonel call it Nigger work†¦ Often, the work celebrates not only the factual details which history is not made to confront or disclose but also the most excruciating truths that